What’s Happening in Qardaha?

Last week, Mohammed Assad, a cousin of President Bashar al-Assad, was shot and critically wounded in Qardaha, hometown of the Assads in the coastal mountains of Syria. For a member of the Assad family to have been attacked in his native village is news enough, but the most intriguing aspect of the event is the identity of the gunman.  At the time of the shooting Assad was arguing with representatives of other eminent Alawite families, who are led by the Khayyir clan. Tempers flared, and Mohammad drew his gun—but not quickly enough.
 
The incident is significant, because it would appear to be the first sign of an open rift among the Alawite elite. Communal solidarity is a major reason why the regime has failed to crack apart, and why Bashar al-Assad has managed to keep his generals in line.
 
The news of possible anti-Assad stirrings in his ancestral village naturally attracted the interest of the opposition, which fervently hopes that the shooting represented the first stirrings of politically significant Alawite defections from Assad. Syrian opposition sites and social media feeds went abuzz with several accounts of what happened.
 
Events like these are murky by definition. Reports are hard to source with accuracy, and they vary in details.  But all agree that Mohammad Assad, known as the “sheikh of the mountain,” is a prominent leader of the shabiha gangs, the notorious Alawite mafia that smuggles and extorts for profit, while also acting as a paramilitary arm of the regime. Assad and his confederates had a brawl with members of the other big clans, which left a number of them dead or wounded.
 
Credible sources report that the Khayyirs led the other big families in street protests, forcing the hand of the security forces, who cordoned off the village. On Monday, the “coalition of Alawite youth against the Assad regime” reported on a street protest, also led by the Khayyirs, which resulted in another exchange of gunfire and yet more casualties. Tensions continued to rise throughout the week, and the situation does not appear to have been resolved.
 
While these events seem clear enough, it’s much harder to know how to interpret them. Some Syrian oppositionists viewed the fight, especially at first, as a typical dispute between mafia families – turf and spoils, not high politics. However, other sources, including Alawite activists, are telling a different story. They insist that at the heart of the incident is discontent with Bashar al-Assad’s leadership. The other big clans, they say, denigrated the president’s leadership of the war, and it was this affront that goaded Mohammad al-Assad into pulling his gun.
 
These sources emphasize that a pall of anxiety has descended on the entire Alawite community. The regime, many feel, has implicated all Alawites in its atrocities.  When Assad falls, the community will pay for his crimes with its blood. This anxiety has reached a new level in recent weeks, because the Free Syrian Army has succeeded in making incursions into the coastal mountains, once thought to be an impregnable Alawite stronghold. On Saturday, the rebels announced they were in control of territories just north of Qardaha itself. This advance led the families of the town to fear reprisals for the atrocities committed by Assad’s shabiha.
 
Fear of Sunni revenge is mixed with resentment against the Assads and their shabiha gangs, who have long tormented the coastal region, Alawites included. As the big families watch their sons in the military return home in coffins, these old intra-communal resentments are taking on new meaning. “Get off our backs already,” Mohammad al-Assad and his thugs were told, according to one account. 
 
The Khayyirs' bitter history with the Assads runs particularly deep.  To them, the Assads are peasant upstarts. The Khayyirs are a notable family that boasts of having produced important cultural and religious figures. Following the shooting of Mohammed al-Assad, the story of the late poet, Hassan Khayyir, was circulated. The poet was executed at the hands of Hafez al-Assad in 1979 for criticizing the regime in one of his poems. They say his tongue was cut out – a particularly vengeful torture to a poet.
 
Mohammad al-Assad may have styled himself as the “sheikh of the mountain,” but the Khayyirs always viewed the Assads as a lowly family that climbed to prominence by sheer force.  These resentments were renewed two weeks ago, when the security services abducted veteran dissident Dr. Abdel Aziz Khayyir after he returned from a trip abroad. He remains detained.

One is tempted, therefore, to analyze the events in Qardaha as a direct challenge by the Khayyirs to Assad's leadership. That view is corroborated by an intriguing report, which claims that loyalists of Bashar's notorious uncle Rifaat joined the Khayyirs in protest. Rifaat, who is in exile in Europe, still dreams of a political role in Syria and has even floated himself as an alternative to his nephew. He also took a Khayyir as his fourth wife. But one must be careful before jumping to conclusions.  Not only are the facts murky, but, also, the lines between the clans are opaque – precisely because of intermarriage, which all the Assads, not just Rifaat, have used to cement their primacy. 
 
Although last Monday’s street mobilization did not call for Assad’s downfall, the embattled president was not about to tolerate open opposition from big Alawite families. That is why, according to Alawite activists, the regime is intent on setting an example. The shops of the Khayyirs and their confederates have reportedly been burned.  And young girls from the Khayyir family are said to have been abducted to “teach the families a lesson.”
 
Up until now, Assad has been able to rely on the Alawites’ cohesiveness and support. The community has been a bastion of support. But Alawite discontent could well be surfacing under the stress of war and the fear of retribution.
 
Time will tell whether Assad will be able to maintain communal solidarity.

Tony Badran is a research fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies. He tweets @AcrossTheBay.